Question 19

What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis?
 Question 19 options:
                 A deficit of IL-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
                 A deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
                 A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α
                 A deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
 

Question 20
 

Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication?
 Question 20 options:
                 Retropharyngeal abscess
                 Laryngospasms
                 Rupturing of the tonsils
                 Gagging induced aspiration
 

Question 21
 

Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
 Question 21 options:
                 Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
                 Renal diseases, such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
                 Gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease
                 Muscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia
 

Question 22
 

What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
 Question 22 options:
                  Enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis.
                 Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
                 Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production.
                 Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure.
 

Question 23
 

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
 Question 23 options:
                 Oncotic pressure
                 Buffering
                 Net filtration
                 Hydrostatic pressure
 

Question 24
 

Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
 Question 24 options:
                 Capillary hydrostatic
                 Interstitial hydrostatic
                 Capillary oncotic
                 Interstitial oncotic
 

Question 25
 

At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because:
 Question 25 options:
                 The interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
                 The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
                 The interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
                 The capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
 

Question 26
 

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by:
 Question 26 options:
                 A decrease in serum sodium
                 An increase in plasma osmolality
                 An increase in the glomerular filtration rate
                 A decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation